嬰幼兒腦發育的特點

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20世紀90年代以來，有關腦發育的科學研究在飛速發展。現在，我們不但知道大腦結構與遺傳模式有關，更進一步知道孩子大腦神經細胞之間的聯繫與其出生後的環境密切相關。大腦的神經細胞在嬰幼兒期的可塑性、可代償性及用進廢退的特性，是我們實施兒童早期教育的理論根據。

人的大腦大約由1000億個神經細胞(神經元)組成，而每個神經細胞都與大約5萬個其 <noscript>體格發育的角度來比較，孩子出生體重3千克，僅爲成人平均體重(60千克)的5%，孩子體重要達到成人的50%需要到10歲，由此可見孩子大腦發育的速度遠遠超過生長速度。3歲前是孩子大腦發育的關鍵期。</p><figure class="img-ratio-box" style="width: 640px;"><span class="ratio-box" style="padding-bottom: 75%;"><img width="640" height="480" class="lazyload" data-src="https://i2.yebkg.com/43b433544e1d5a/06ef78/43b5244143/06ef78041e4b16.jpg" alt="嬰幼兒腦發育的特點" title="嬰幼兒腦發育的特點"></span></figure> <p>關鍵期是指某種知識或行爲經驗在某一特定時期或階段最易獲得、最易形成的時期，錯過這個時期就不能獲得或達不到最高水平。比如，小鵝出生後1～2天有追隨活動物體的行爲(追隨無論是母鵝、人或其他物體)。但過了兩天後，即便用活動的物體去逗引它，它也很難再形成這種追隨行爲了。</p> <p>人類也有關鍵期，視、聽、說、爬、站、走，甚至吃飯，無一例外。人類學習各種<a href="https://m.yebkg.com/tags-3546-0.html" target="_blank" >本領</a>都具備各種潛能。潛能在豐富的外界環境刺激下，得以發揮。但是如果關鍵期沒有得到相應的刺激，潛能就會消退，永遠無法再激發。大家都知道印度狼孩的故事，這個出生後不久被狼叼走並養育長大的孩子，7～8歲回到人類社會，但他只會像狼一樣生活，不會說話，不會直立行走，不會與人交流。雖然社會給他提供了良好的學習生活環境，但他17歲死亡時僅有兩歲孩子的智力水平。這就是錯過關鍵期無法再激發潛能的<a href="https://m.yebkg.com/tags-2684-0.html" target="_blank" >典型</a>事例，也是腦發育“用進廢退”特性的有力佐證。</p> <p>大腦未成熟前具有最好的可塑性和代償性。這點不僅有利於正常兒童的早期教育，更是腦損傷導致智殘兒童可以進行早期干預的理論依據。神經細胞非常神奇，某些特殊功能可以改變；某些損傷或破壞的細胞，它的功能可由另一些細胞來替代，這就是神經細胞的可變更性和代償性。因此，孩子腦損傷後，我們只要給他足夠的科學的刺激就可以促進腦細胞恢復，防止傷殘。 </p></!--顯示正文></!--NEWSZW_HZH_END--></!--Adforward></IMG></!--Adforward></!--allyes></!--育兒內頁畫中畫結束--></!--育兒內頁畫中畫開始--></!--NEWSZW_HZH_BEGIN--> </p> </div>  <section class="hor plr-30 bg-white"> <div class="hor-main clearfix"> <a href='https://m.yebkg.com/tags-1657-0.html' class='hor-ls fl'>特點</a> <a href='https://m.yebkg.com/tags-1085-0.html' class='hor-ls fl'>嬰幼兒</a> <a href="https://m.yebkg.com/bk/01e87b041949/" title="新生兒發育特點" class='hor-ls fl'>新生兒發育特點</a> </div></section> </div> </section>   <section class="wonder-pic plr-30 bg-white b-b-solid mb-20"> <h2 class="cm-title clearfix"><i class="icon icon-title-pic fl"></i> <span class="fl">相關內容</span> </h2> <div class="wop-main"> <ul class="wop-body clearfix"> <li class="wop-list fl"> <a href="https://m.yebkg.com/huaiy/yunfubaojian/412119.html" class="wop-ls"> <img 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